[39] These various Chinese ideas about the integration of practice and precepts were integrated into Saich's view of the Perfect and Sudden Precepts (Endonkai). This is "the most detailed study on Tendai doctrine until the twentieth century," according to Matthew Don McMullen. [citation needed] Large numbers of Kurds, Jews, Assyrians, Greeks and Armenians as well as many Mandeans have left nations such as Iraq, Iran, Syria and Turkey for these reasons during the last century. The debates with the Hoss school was primarily centered on the doctrine of the One Vehicle (ekayana) found in the Lotus Sutra which the Hoss school saw as not being an ultimate teaching. In addition, K-Y28299, which appears to be a primary branch of K-M2313, has been found in three living individuals from India. It is a member of the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic languages. Furthermore, Tendai uses a similar hierarchy as the one used in Chinese Tiantai to classify the various other sutras in the Buddhist canon in relation to the Lotus Sutra, and it also follows Zhiyi's original conception of Five Periods Eight Teachings or ''gojihakky''' (). "[30] According to Stone, as these teachings developed, they grew to include the idea that: Not only human beings, but ants and crickets, mountains and rivers, grasses and trees are all innately Buddhas. Haplogroup N possibly originated in eastern Asia and spread both northward and westward into Siberia, being the most common group found in some Uralic-speaking peoples. Matsunaga, Daigan; Matsunaga, Alicia (1996), Foundation of Japanese Buddhism, Vol. The second category entails every kind of good activity, including but not limited to acts associated with the Buddhist categories of keeping precepts, the practice of concentration (samadhi), and the cultivation of wisdom. Turkish belongs to Turkic language family. The site of origin is likely in Africa. "Migration has always provided an important vent for labor market pressures in the Middle East. Y-DNA haplogroup nomenclature is changing over time to accommodate the increasing number of SNPs being discovered and tested, and the resulting expansion of the Y-chromosome phylogenetic tree. [20] Other important figures include Shshin (fl. Tendai (, Tendai-sh), also known as the Tendai Lotus School ( Tendai hokke sh, sometimes just "hokke sh") is a Mahyna Buddhist tradition (with significant esoteric elements) officially established in Japan in 806 by the Japanese monk Saich (posthumously known as Dengy Daishi). By: Wasp +146 reps I blew my load watching her at the two minute mark. The term "Middle East" may have originated in the 1850s in the British India Office. Mass production of oil began around 1945, with Saudi Arabia, Iran, Kuwait, Iraq, and the United Arab Emirates having large quantities of oil. P1 is also the parent node of two primary clades: Haplogroup Q (MEH2, M242, P36) found in Siberia and the Americas Until the late 11th century, it was also the main spoken language in Asia Minor; after that it was gradually replaced by the Turkish language as the Anatolian Turks expanded and the local Greeks were assimilated, especially in the interior. International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2015), "Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences", "A Southeast Asian origin for present-day non-African human Y chromosomes", "Understanding Haplogroups: How are the haplogroups named? It is also found at low frequencies in other parts of the Mediterranean and South Asia. Forms and Instructions. During the Cold War, the Middle East was a theater of ideological struggle between the two superpowers and their allies: NATO and the United States on one side, and the Soviet Union and Warsaw Pact on the other, as they competed to influence regional allies. FxG,H,I,J,K is rare in modern populations and peaks in South Asia, especially Sri Lanka. anlexing , serene and pleasing activities), both in Chan meditation and in precept training. The Middle East (Arabic: , ISO 233: ash-Sharq al-Awsat) is a geopolitical region commonly encompassing Arabia (including the Arabian Peninsula and Bahrain), Asia Minor (Asian part of Turkey except Hatay Province), East Thrace (European part of Turkey), Egypt, Iran, the Levant (including Ash-Shm and Cyprus), Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq), and the The Associated Press Stylebook says that Near East formerly referred to the farther west countries while Middle East referred to the eastern ones, but that now they are synonymous. Kegon) philosophy under Gyhy (720797) and this was his initial training before going to China. In human genetics, a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by mutations in the non-recombining portions of DNA from the male-specific Y chromosome (called Y-DNA). The total regional unemployment rate in 2005, according to the International Labour Organization, was 13.2%,[58] and among youth is as high as 25%,[59] up to 37% in Morocco and 73% in Syria.[60]. Shshin rejected the view that esoteric or mantrayana (shingon) Buddhism was superior to the Tendai Mahyna teaching of the one vehicle. [16], Some Taimitsu scholars, like Ennin, classify esoteric scriptures into two classes: those containing the principles of esoteric Buddhism (i.e. [4], The bodhisattva precepts in Tendai are all said to rely on three types of pure precepts (sanjujokai ):[4]. French is taught and used in many government facilities and media in Lebanon, and is taught in some primary and secondary schools of Egypt and Syria. These include Zhiyi's theory of perfect interfusion or unity of all phenomena (expressed in teachings like ichinen sanzen "three thousand realms in one thought") and the Tendai theory of hongaku (original enlightenment) which holds that enlightenment is intrinsic in all things. Patentada con fecha 7 de diciembre de 1949, segn la patente nm. Report Fraud, Waste & Abuse. (Previously the name Haplogroup M was assigned to K2b1d. Senior Tendai teachers, or ajari, train in all four practice traditions.[12]. Besides the political reasons there was also the "ideological conflict" between the two systems. Saich had only received initiation in the Diamond Realm Mandala, and since the rival Shingon school under Kkai had received deeper training, early Tendai monks felt it necessary to return to China for further initiation and instruction. Cleveland, William L., and Martin Bunton. In the 20th century, the region's significant stocks of crude oil gave it new strategic and economic importance. Stone defines this as the "array of doctrines and concepts associated with the proposition that all beings are enlightened inherently. [24][25] The subclades of Haplogroup Q with their defining mutation(s), according to the 2008 ISOGG tree[26] are provided below. in, Hazama, Jiko (1987). Many people within a haplogroup share similar numbers of short tandem repeats (STRs) and types of mutations called single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).[2]. [12] Because of the central importance of the Lotus Sutra, Tendai Buddhism sees all Buddhist teachings and practices as being united under the One Vehicle (ekayana) taught in the Lotus Sutra. It is based on Shgoin Temple, which houses the Honzan group (Honzanha), the Shugend tradition most closely associated with Tendai.[42][43][44]. Haplogroup K2e (K-M147) was previously known as "Haplogroup X" and "K2a" (but is a sibling subclade of the present K2a). Haplogroup P (P295) is also klnown as K2b2. The "real" Buddha is the ordinary worldling. Tendai (, Tendai-sh), also known as the Tendai Lotus School ( Tendai hokke sh, sometimes just "hokke sh") is a Mahyna Buddhist tradition (with significant esoteric elements) officially established in Japan in 806 by the Japanese monk Saich (posthumously known as Dengy Daishi). Services. "[17] After the series ended in 1903, The Times removed quotation marks from subsequent uses of the term. 1949: ngela Ruiz Robles Desarrolla la primera propuesta de enciclopedia mecnica: "Procedimiento mecnico, elctrico y a presin de aire para lectura de libros", precursora del libro electrnico. [11], The remainder of Saich's life was spent in heated debates with notable Hoss figures, particularly Tokuitsu, and maintaining an increasingly strained relationship with Kkai (from whom he received esoteric initiations) to broaden his understanding of esoteric Buddhism. The most famous of these nenbutsu hijiri (, "Itinerant Pure Land teachers") was a monk named Kya (, 903972). According to Hazama Jik "these themes run throughout Saich's work" including his Hokke shuku and Shugo kokkai sho . [42][43] The practice of Shugend is most prominent among certain Tendai branches, like the Jimon-ha (the Onjji branch). [12] Other differences mainly relate to lineages and outlook. Saich would write that Tendai and Mikkyo "interfuse with one another" and that "there should be no such thing as preferring one to the other. The world's earliest civilizations, Mesopotamia (Sumer, Akkad, Assyria and Babylonia), ancient Egypt and Kish in the Levant, all originated in the Fertile Crescent and Nile Valley regions of the ancient Near East. Any and all kinds of moral cultivation are included. The dynasty was officially From the 16th century onward, the Middle East came to be dominated, once again, by two main powers: the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid dynasty. Download Mobirise Website Builder now and create cutting-edge, beautiful websites that look amazing on any devices and browsers. In addition to the five-tone nembutsu brought back from China, Ennin also integrated a special monastic training program called the jgy zanmai (, "Constantly Walking samadhi") originally promulgated by Zhiyi. Sonix transcribes podcasts, interviews, speeches, and much more for creative people worldwide. [2] This inconsistency, and increasingly cumbersome longhand nomenclature, has prompted a move toward using the simpler shorthand nomenclature. In spite of the rise of these new competing schools which saw Tendai as being "corrupt", medieval Tendai remained a "a rich, varied, and thriving tradition" during the medieval period according to Jacqueline Stone.[2]. Greek is one of the two official languages of Cyprus, and the country's main language. This is based on the doctrine of expedient means, but was also a common practice among East Asian schools trying to sort the vast corpus of writing inherited from India. Hazama writes that "Saich included both esoteric and exoteric teachings, and avoided an obsession with any one category of the Buddhist tradition such as Zen or the precepts. [8], Saich also studied esoteric Buddhism under Kkai, the founder of the Shingon school. By the Kamakura period (1185-1333), Tendai had become one of the dominant forms of Japanese Buddhism, with numerous temples and vast landholdings. the three mysteries) were called riji gumitsu. Saich's disciple Ennin went to China in 838 and returned ten years later with a more thorough understanding of esoteric, Pure Land, and Tiantai teachings. +267 reps Granny working that bbc.Sucking her a load out. The human Y-chromosome accumulates roughly two mutations per generation. Jennifer Lynn Lopez, also known as J.Lo, is an American singer, actress and dancer.In 1991, she began appearing as a Fly Girl dancer on the sketch comedy television series In Living Color, where she remained a regular until she decided to pursue an acting career in 1993.For her first leading role in Selena (1997), she became the first Hispanic actress to earn over US$1 million These two figures were central to the development of the aesthetic concept of ygen (, profound grace and subtlety). China, but also in Myanmar, Laos, northern Thailand, and Vietnam), the Yunnan Tai (the major Tai group in Yunnan), and the tribal Tai (in northern. [32], Practices related to and veneration of Amitbha and his Sukhavati in the Tendai tradition began with Saich's disciple, Ennin. White & Case is an international law firm that helps companies, governments and financial institutions achieve their global ambitions. ", The Hidden and Secret Lotus: "those teachings in which, due to the immaturity of the Buddha's audience, this intention is not outwardly revealed. [65][66] The region of Middle East is one of the most vulnerable to climate change. While it is primarily spoken in Iran and some border areas in neighbouring countries, the country is one of the region's largest and most populous. K-M2313*, which as yet has no phylogenetic name, has been documented in two living individuals, who have ethnic ties to India and South East Asia. Underhill, N.M. Myres, S. Rootsi, C.T. In recent years, however, countries such as the UAE, Bahrain, and Jordan have begun attracting greater numbers of tourists because of improving tourist facilities and the relaxing of tourism-related restrictive policies. Hiei: For the Chinese branch of this school, see, Development of Tendai practice and esotericism, The Lotus Sutra and Classic Tiantai Thought, Chappell, David W. (1987). The sanctions can be either comprehensive or selective, using the blocking of assets and trade restrictions to accomplish foreign policy and national security goals. Genshin wrote an influential treatise called jysh (, "The Essentials of Rebirth in the Pure Land"), which vividly contrasted the Sukhavati Pure Land of Amitbha with the descriptions of the hell realms in Buddhism. Expatriates from Arab countries contribute to the circulation of financial and human capital in the region and thus significantly promote regional development. The Tendai school made extensive use of the Lotus Sutra in its interpretation of the bodhisattva precepts, even though the sutra does not itself contains a specific list of precepts. Lopez, Donald S.; Stone, Jacqueline I. Sann Shint was a specifically Tendai branch of sryncretic Buddhist-Shinto religious practice, which revered kamis called the Mountain Kings (Sann) or Sanno Sansei (The Three Sacred [Deities] of Sanno) and was based on Hie Taisha a shrine on Mount Hiei. Arabic dialects are also spoken in some adjacent areas in neighbouring Middle Eastern non-Arab countries. Maltese, a Semitic language mainly spoken in Europe, is also used by the Franco-Maltese diaspora in Egypt. The modern Middle East began after World War I, when the Ottoman Empire, which was allied with the Central Powers, was defeated by the British Empire and their allies and partitioned into a number of separate nations, initially under British and French Mandates. [8] His ideas were attacked by the more traditional Nara schools as well as the Sg (the Office of Monastic Affairs) and they were not initially approved by the imperial court. Hiei, the Jimon and Sanmon: the Sammon-ha "Mountain Group" () followed Ennin and the Jimon-ha "Temple Group" () followed Enchin. Perhaps because of the influence of the Western press, the Arabic equivalent of Middle East (Arabic: ash-Sharq al-Awsa) has become standard usage in the mainstream Arabic press, comprising the same meaning as the term "Middle East" in North American and Western European usage. [2] However, not all Tendai thinkers embraced hongaku thought. Nobunaga regarded the Mount Hiei monks as a potential threat or rival, as they could employ religious claims to attempt to rally the populace to their side. After Saich, the Tendai order underwent efforts to deepen its understanding of teachings collected by the founder, particularly esoteric Buddhism. [1] The Tendai school, which has been based on Mount Hiei since its inception, rose to prominence during the Heian period (794-1185). With the outbreak of the Genpei War, Tendai temples even fought one another, such as Mount Hiei clashing with Mii-dera depending on their political affiliations. A Microsoft 365 subscription offers an ad-free interface, custom domains, enhanced security options, the full desktop version of A more elaborate and systematized practice based on S's simple mountain asceticism developed over time, and came to be called kaihgy (). Most Middle Eastern countries (13 out of 18) are part of the Arab world. The second category includes the tantric scriptures like the Mahavairocana, Vajrasekhara, the Susiddhikra Stra (Soshitsujikara), the Pudichang jing (Bodaij ky, T. 950), and the Yuqi jing (Yugi ky, T. (2019). Arabic and Hebrew represent the Afro-Asiatic language family. in contrast to the more integrated approach of the Tendai. The Middle East generally has a hot, arid climate, especially in the Arabian and Egyptian regions. Journal web gratuit d'actualit de la plaine des Vosges, info dans votre ville Vittel, Mirecourt, Neufchateau et Contrexeville. It is sparsely distributed in Africa, being concentrated among Khoisan populations in the southwest and Nilotic populations toward the northeast in the Nile Valley. Haplogroup N (M231) is found in northern Eurasia, especially among speakers of the Uralic languages. The human Y [21] Shshin also wrote on esoteric Buddhism, which he interpreted in line with classical Tiantai doctrine, instead of seeing it as a separate form of Buddhism. Haplogroup L (M20) is found in South Asia, Central Asia, South-West Asia, and the Mediterranean. The Near East was first largely unified under the Neo Assyrian Empire, then the Achaemenid Empire followed later by the Macedonian Empire and after this to some degree by the Iranian empires (namely the Parthian and Sassanid Empires), the Roman Empire and Byzantine Empire. "[4], Other unique elements include an exclusive use of the bodhisattva precepts for ordination (without the pratimoksha), a practice tradition based on the "Four Integrated Schools" (Pure Land, Zen, Mikkyo and Precepts), and an emphasis on the study of Chinese Esoteric Buddhist sources. This page was last edited on 10 December 2022, at 21:48. In such cases, however, the possibility of misidentification is considered to be relatively high and some may belong to misidentified subclades of Haplogroup GHIJK.[17]. He wrote around a hundred works on Tendai doctrine and practice. The term "Middle East" has led to some confusion over its changing definitions, and has been viewed by some to be discriminatory[2] or too Eurocentric. In German the term Naher Osten (Near East) is still in common use (nowadays the term Mittlerer Osten is more and more common in press texts translated from English sources, albeit having a distinct meaning) and in Russian or Blizhniy Vostok, Bulgarian , Polish Bliski Wschd or Croatian Bliski istok (meaning Near East in all the four Slavic languages) remains as the only appropriate term for the region. Saich saw the precepts of the small vehicle (hinayana) as no longer being necessary. "[40] According to the International Organization for Migration, there are 13million first-generation migrants from Arab nations in the world, of which 5.8 reside in other Arab countries. "[5], Although Jianzhen (Jp. [26] The heated debates between Saich and the Hoss scholar Tokuitsu frequently addressed this controversy as well as other related issues, such as how to categorize the various Buddhist teachings, and the value of certain Tendai teachings.[27]. European Green Deal. While Saich had opposed the Office during his lifetime, within a few generations disciples were now gifted with positions in the Office by the Imperial Family. Cavalli-Sforza, T. Kivisild, R. Villems, S.R. List of Middle Eastern countries by population, List of modern conflicts in the Middle East, Largest metropolitan areas of the Middle East, Climate change in the Middle East and North Africa, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Middle East Studies Association of North America, "The Middle East, in whose world? [28] This idea was introduced by Saich, who held that this described certain advanced practitioners who had realized the fifth degree of identity, though this attainment was a rare thing. [15], According to Lucia Dolce, Annen "systematized earlier and contemporary doctrines elaborated in both streams of Japanese esoteric Buddhism, Tmitsu (i.e., Shingon) and Taimitsu (Tendai)," "critically reinterpreted Kkais thought, offering new understandings of crucial esoteric concepts and rituals," and he also "elaborated theories that were to become emblematic of Japanese Buddhism, such as the realization of buddhahood by grasses and trees (smoku jbutsu)" as well as hongaku shis thought. He sought instead to unite all of these elements on the basis of a single fundamental principle, the comprehensive and unifying ekayana spirit of the Lotus Sutra. The history of the Middle East dates back to ancient times, with the geopolitical importance of the region being recognized for millennia. [4][5][6] Several major religions have their origins in the Middle East, including Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. In early Buddhism, the emphasis, especially for monastics, was on avoiding activities that might arouse worldly desires, including many artistic endeavors like music and performance arts. The Characteristics of Japanese Tendai, Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 14 (2-3), p. 102. ca., 11531214) and Shinsei (1443-1495). In this paper, the concept of social capital is introduced and illustrated, its forms are described, the social structural conditions under which it arises are examined, and it is used in an analysis of dropouts from high school. Persian is the second most spoken language. He also believed that the Japanese people were naturally inclined to the Mahayana. No examples of the basal paragroup K2b1* have been identified. They also further extended the application of this idea to individuals at the lower bodhisattva levels of the degrees of identity schema and also argued that one could jump over bodhisattva stages. [24][25], With the collapse of the Ottoman Empire in 1918, "Near East" largely fell out of common use in English, while "Middle East" came to be applied to the re-emerging countries of the Islamic world. Indiegogo is your destination for clever innovations in tech, design, and more, often with special perks and pricing for early adopters. YCC shorthand nomenclature names Y-DNA haplogroups and their subclades with the first letter of the major Y-DNA haplogroup followed by a dash and the name of the defining terminal SNP.[9]. It gradually eclipsed the powerful Hoss school and competed with the rival Shingon school to become the most influential sect at the Imperial court. Rather than following continental understandings of ritual forms as skillful means to achieve enlightenment (us hben ), they gave them ontological weight by deeming them to be the embodiment of the ultimate truth. Ismael, Jacqueline S., Tareq Y. Ismael, and Glenn Perry. European Green Deal. Several major rivers provide irrigation to support agriculture in limited areas here, such as the Nile Delta in Egypt, the Tigris and Euphrates watersheds of Mesopotamia, and the basin of the Jordan River that spans most of the Levant. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. The region is one of the regions where agriculture was independently discovered, and from the Middle East it was spread, during the Neolithic, to different regions of the world such as Europe, the Indus Valley and Eastern Africa. [26] This teaching in particular was a major point of contention with the Japanese Hoss (Yogacara) school in Japan who espoused the Five Natures Doctrine (, gosh kakubetsu) which argues that not all being can become Buddhas, since some do not have the seeds for Buddhahood. Tendai ordinations do not make use of the traditional Dharmaguptaka Vinaya Pratimoksha set of monastic rules. [23] This holistic and inclusive form of Buddhism is based on the doctrinal synthesis of Tiantai Zhiyi, which was ultimately based on the Lotus Sutra.[23]. Haplogroup R1b is the dominant haplogroup of Western Europe and is also found sparsely distributed among various peoples of Asia and Africa. [26], The term Middle East has also been criticised by journalist Louay Khraish and historian Hassan Hanafi for being a Eurocentric and colonialist term.[2][3][27]. Haplogroup H (M69) probably emerged in South Central Asia or South Asia, about 48,000 years BP, and remains largely prevalent there in the forms of H1 (M69) and H3 (Z5857). "[1] Meanwhile, Kkai saw mikkyo as different from and fully superior to kengyo (exoteric Buddhism) and was also concerned that Saich had not finished his esoteric studies personally under him. "How the Middle East was invented - The Washington Post", "Where Is the Middle East? "Is Tendai Buddhism Relevant to the Modern World? According to Jacqueline Stone, these can be explained as follows:[26], Stone writes that Saicho saw all Buddhist teachings as being the true "Lotus Sutra" and he therefore attempted to integrate all Buddhist teachings he had studied within a single framework based on the Lotus Sutra's One Vehicle. However, the usage "Near East" was retained by a variety of academic disciplines, including archaeology and ancient history, where it describes an area identical to the term Middle East, which is not used by these disciplines (see Ancient Near East). Join an activity with your class and find or create your own quizzes and flashcards. [7] After receiving teachings and initiations on Chan, Precepts and Chinese Esoteric Buddhism, Saich devoted much of his time to making accurate copies of Tiantai texts and studying under Dosu. PubMed comprises more than 34 million citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books. [16], These various post-Saich Tendai figures also developed the Tendai doctrine of "the identity of the purport of Perfect and Esoteric teachings" (enmitsu itchi ) which according to kubo Ryshun "refers to the harmony and agreement between the Perfect teachings of the Lotus Sutra and Esoteric Buddhism."[17]. BT is a subclade of haplogroup A, more precisely of the A1b clade (A2-T in Cruciani et al. Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}29N 41E / 29N 41E / 29; 41. The region served as the intellectual and economic center of the Roman Empire and played an exceptionally important role due to its periphery on the Sassanid Empire. Services. MOBIRISE WEB BUILDER Create killer mobile-ready sites! However, it would be the later Islamic Caliphates of the Middle Ages, or Islamic Golden Age which began with the Islamic conquest of the region in the 7th century AD, that would first unify the entire Middle East as a distinct region and create the dominant Islamic Arab ethnic identity that largely (but not exclusively) persists today. This was originally known as the shingon (or mikky) of the Tendai lineages and was later named Taimitsu "Tendai Esotericism" (), distinguishing it from the Shingon (Mantra) school, which is known as Tmitsu (, literally, the esotericism of the Tji lineages). Circassian is also spoken by the diaspora in the region and by almost all Circassians in Israel who speak Hebrew and English as well. [8], Seven days after Saich died, the Imperial Court granted permission for the new Tendai Bodhisattva Precept ordination process which allowed Tendai to use an ordination platform separate from the powerful schools in Nara. The Low Memorial Library is a building at the center of Columbia University's Morningside Heights campus in Manhattan, New York City, United States.Designed by Charles Follen McKim of the firm McKim, Mead & White, the building was constructed between 1895 and 1897 as the central library of Columbia's library system.Columbia University president Seth Low funded the [4], Certain later Tendai figures like Ennin also argued that esoteric practices led to Buddhahood faster than exoteric (non-esoteric) practices and some (such as Annen) argued that they were the only way to full Buddhahood. FOX FILES combines in-depth news reporting from a variety of Fox News on-air talent. Haplogroup K2b1 (P397/P399) is also known as Haplogroup MS, but has a broader and more complex internal structure. [29] Even though the term originated in the West, apart from Arabic, other languages of countries of the Middle East also use a translation of it. [41] In Somalia, the Somali Civil War has greatly increased the size of the Somali diaspora, as many of the best educated Somalis left for Middle Eastern countries as well as Europe and North America. Tendai thought also frames its understanding of Buddhist practice on the Lotus Sutra's teaching of upya or hben (, expedient means). R1a is associated with the proto-Indo-Iranian and Balto-Slavic peoples, and is now found primarily in Central Asia, South Asia, and Eastern Europe. Other defining events in this transformation included the establishment of Israel in 1948 and the eventual departure of European powers, notably Britain and France by the end of the 1960s. The underbanked represented 14% of U.S. households, or 18. [16] The first category was said to include the Nirvana, Lotus, Vimalakrti, and Huayan stras, all of which were seen as esoteric in principle. The search for agricultural lands by agriculturalists, and pastoral lands by herdsmen meant different migrations took place within the region and shaped its ethnic and demographic makeup. During this series, Sir Ignatius expanded the definition of Middle East to include "those regions of Asia which extend to the borders of India or command the approaches to India. Haplogroup R (M207, M306): found in Europe, West Asia, Central Asia, and South Asia, Q is defined by the SNP M242. Due to Rygen's influence, Fujiwara family members also came to occupy important positions at Tendai temples. Florida Department of State. Although a number of breakaway schools rose during the Kamakura period, the Tendai school used its patronage to try to oppose the growth of these rival factionsparticularly Nichiren Buddhism, which began to grow in power among the merchant middle class, and Pure Land Buddhism, which eventually came to claim the loyalty of many of the lower classes. The Middle East is very diverse when it comes to religions, many of which originated there. [7] Arabs constitute the main socioethnic grouping in the region,[8] followed by Turks, Persians, Kurds, Azeris, Copts, Jews, Assyrians, Iraqi Turkmen, Yazidis, and Greek Cypriots. [52] Russian today is a popular unofficial language in use in Israel; news, radio and sign boards can be found in Russian around the country after Hebrew and Arabic. According to the World Bank's World Development Indicators database published on July 1, 2009, the three largest Middle Eastern economies in 2008 were Turkey ($794,228), Saudi Arabia ($467,601) and Iran ($385,143) in terms of Nominal GDP. "[28], However, other Tendai figures like Hjib Shshin (1136-1220 or 11311215), an important Tendai commentator on Zhiyi's works, were more traditional and critical of ideas concerning the rapid realization of Buddhahood for everyone (without denying the possibility of Buddhahood in this body). 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